投资加拿大系列专题之五——加拿大钢结构预制房屋行业之监管概要(一)

Prefabricated or integrated houses are constructed using industrialized production methods. This means that some or all of the house's components are prefabricated in a factory and then transported to the construction site. At the site, the components are assembled through reliable connections. These houses are commonly referred to as industrialized housing in Europe, America, and Japan.
预制装配式房屋或集成房屋是用工业化的生产方式来建造的住宅，是将住宅的部分或全部构件在工厂预制完成,然后运输到施工现场，将构件通过可靠的连接方式组装而建成的住宅，在欧美及日本被称作产业化住宅或工业化住宅。
Canada is experiencing a serious housing crisis due to population growth and economic development. The crisis is characterized by a housing shortage, high prices, poor quality, and expensive rental rates, which has resulted in many people being unable to afford or secure suitable housing.
随着人口的增长和经济的发展，加拿大面临着一个日益严重的住房危机。住房危机指的是住房供应不足、价格过高、质量低下、租金昂贵等现象，导致许多人无法负担或获得合适的住房。
According to the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA), the national average house price in Canada in July 2023 was CAD 668,754, which is a 6.3% increase from July 2022. Meanwhile, Statistics Canada data shows that in the third quarter of 2022, the average household income in Canada was CAD 93,800. Many families would need more than 10 years of income to afford a modest home.
根据加拿大房地产协会（CREA）的数据，2023年7月，加拿大全国平均房价为668,754加元，比2022年7月上涨6.3%。根据统计局（Statistics Canada）的数据，2022年第三季度，加拿大全国平均家庭收入为93,800加元。这意味着许多家庭要花费超过10年的收入才能买得起一套普通的房子。
Apart from the high purchase costs, the rental market is also tight. According to a report from the rental website http://Rentals.ca, the national average rent in Canada in January 2023 was CAD 1,714 per month. This amount is even higher in major cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, where the average rent exceeds CAD 2,000 per month.
而除了高昂的购买成本外，租赁市场也同样紧张。根据租赁网站http://Rentals.ca的报告，2023年1月，加拿大全国平均租金为1,714加元/月。其中，多伦多、温哥华、蒙特利尔等城市的平均租金都超过了2,000加元/月。
The Canadian government is taking steps to address the crisis in the housing and rental markets by implementing innovative ways to build high-quality housing and increase Canada's housing supply. In addition, the government is focusing on two main measures to tackle the housing crisis. The first measure aims to shorten the housing approval time by providing standardized design drawings which are expected to be released by the end of 2024. The second measure is to speed up housing construction through modular and prefabricated housing. These measures have created a path for prefabricated houses to enter the market.
为了应对住房和租赁市场的危机，加拿大政府正在采用新的和创新的方式来建造高质量的住房，一方面使基础设施具有气候适应性，同时以前所未有的速度增加加拿大的住房供应。除此之外，加拿大政府尤其关注其中两项解决当前住房危机的措施。第一项措施是通过颁布标准化设计图纸以缩短住房审批时间，根据相关新闻报道，标准化图纸将于2024年底公布。第二项，通过模块化和预制住宅来加速住房建设速度。这两项措施无疑为预制装配式房屋进入住宅市场扫清了障碍。
Generally speaking, the main structural frame of a prefabricated house can be made of wood, steel, or a combination of both. In Canada, prefabricated steel-framed homes are becoming increasingly popular among homeowners, builders, and governments.
一般而言，预制装配式房屋的主体框架可以包括木结构、钢结构及混合结构（木结构及钢结构的混合）。在加拿大，预制钢结构的房屋正越来越受到业主、建造商和政府的欢迎。
According to relevant data analysis of the Canadian housing market, it has been found that the higher labor costs, lack of construction technicians, and the current high-interest rate environment have increased construction costs in the housing market. In the Greater Toronto Area, labor costs alone account for nearly half of the construction cost. Compared with traditional wood-frame houses in Canada, prefabricated steel-structure houses are fast to build and have the advantages of being recyclable, non-flammable, having strong bearing capacity, and good ductility. The short construction period of houses built with prefabricated steel structures can significantly reduce labor costs, shorten the construction period, and lower the capital cost during construction.
根据加拿大住宅市场的相关数据分析，加拿大较高的劳动力成本、建筑施工类技术人员的缺乏以及现阶段的高利率环境导致了住宅市场的建设成本的增加。在大多伦多地区，仅劳动力成本就占整个建设成本的将近一半。相对加拿大传统的木结构房屋而言，预制钢结构的房屋建造速度快，同时具有可回收、不易燃、承载力强及延展性好的优点。预制钢结构建造的房屋，其较短的建设周期可以大幅的降低劳动力成本，缩短建设周期，同时也能进一步降低建设过程中的资金成本。
In Canada, prefabricated steel framing houses must meet certain requirements and regulations to ensure safety and compliance with building codes. It is worth noting that Canada does not have special specifications and standards for manufacturing and assembly of prefabricated steel structure houses. All codes and standards currently applicable to steel frame houses apply to prefabricated steel frame houses.
与加拿大使用的任何其他建筑材料或方法一样，预制钢结构房屋必须满足特定的要求和法规。以确保安全、质量并符合建筑规范。值得注意的是，加拿大并没有关于制造、组装钢结构房屋的特别规范和标准，其相关的牌照要求及建筑安全规范主要参照有关钢结构房屋的相关规范及标准。
The following are the main regulatory requirements that Chinese companies must meet to build prefabricated steel structures in Canada.
以下是中国企业在加拿大开展预制钢结构房屋建造所需要满足的主要监管要求。
1.Building Codes and Standards/建筑规范和标准
Prefabricated steel framing houses must comply with the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) and relevant provincial or territorial building codes. These codes specify requirements for structural design, materials, construction methods, fire safety, energy efficiency, and other aspects of building construction.
预制钢结构房屋必须符合加拿大国家建筑规范（NBCC）和相关省或地区建筑规范。这些规范规定了建筑结构设计、材料、施工方法、消防安全、能源效率和其他方面的要求。
2.Engineering and Design/工程与设计
To ensure compliance with building codes and standards, the engineering and design of prefabricated steel framing houses should be performed by qualified professionals, such as structural engineers or architects. The design must consider load-bearing capacity, structural integrity, seismic resistance, and thermal performance.
预制钢结构房屋的工程和设计应由合格的专业人员（例如结构工程师或建筑师）进行，以确保符合建筑规范和标准。设计必须考虑承载能力、结构完整性、抗震性和热性能等因素。
In particular, it should be noted that if Chinese companies want to carry out prefabricated steel structure-related business in Canada or export prefabricated steel structures to Canada, the Chinese company, as the manufacturer, needs to obtain CSA A660 certification from the Canadian Steel Structure Association. This certification program focuses on manufacturing and structural design and is audited by a qualified third party.
尤其需要注意的是，中国的企业如果希望在加拿大开展预制钢结构相关的业务，或者希望将预制钢结构组件出口到加拿大，则作为制造方的中国企业需要取得加拿大钢结构协会的CSA-A660 认证。该认证计划侧重于制造和结构设计，并由合格的第三方审核。
3.Quality Assurance and Testing/质量保证和测试
Manufacturers of prefabricated steel framing houses should implement quality assurance programs and conduct testing to verify the performance and durability of their products. This may include testing for structural strength, fire resistance, water tightness, and thermal insulation properties.
预制钢结构房屋的制造商应实施质量保证计划并进行测试以验证其产品的性能和耐用性。这可能包括结构强度、耐火性、水密性和隔热性能的测试。
4.Certification and Approval/认证与批准
Prefabricated steel framing houses need to be certified or approved by relevant regulatory bodies or certification agencies to demonstrate compliance with building codes and standards. Certification may involve independent testing, inspection, and evaluation of the products by accredited organizations.
预制钢结构房屋需要获得相关监管机构或认证机构的认证或批准，以证明其符合建筑规范和标准。认证可能涉及由认可组织对产品进行独立测试、检查和评估。
5.Installation and Assembly/安装与组装
Proper installation and assembly of prefabricated steel framing houses are critical to ensure structural integrity and safety. Builders and contractors should follow the manufacturer's instructions and best practices for assembly, including proper fastening, bracing, and sealing techniques.
预制钢结构房屋的正确安装和组装对于确保结构完整性和安全性至关重要。建筑商和承包商应遵循制造商的说明和最佳组装实践，包括正确的紧固、支撑和密封技术。
6.Fire Safety and Insulation/消防安全和绝缘
Prefabricated steel framing houses should incorporate fire-resistant materials and insulation systems to meet fire safety requirements specified in building codes. This includes using fire-rated insulation, sheathing, and cladding materials to minimize fire risk and prevent the spread of flames.
预制钢结构房屋应采用耐火材料和隔热系统，以满足建筑规范规定的消防安全要求。这包括使用防火绝缘材料、护套和包层材料，以尽量减少火灾风险并防止火焰蔓延。
7.Energy Efficiency and Environmental Performance/能源效率和环境绩效
Prefabricated steel framing houses should be designed to meet or exceed energy efficiency standards and environmental performance requirements. This may incorporate energy-efficient features such as high-performance insulation, thermal breaks, and energy-efficient windows and doors.
预装钢结构房屋的设计应满足或超过能源效率标准和环保性能要求。这可能涉及采用节能功能，例如高性能隔热材料、隔热层和节能门窗。
8.Permits and Approvals/许可和批准
Builders and homeowners intending to use prefabricated steel framing houses for construction projects must obtain necessary permits and approvals from local building authorities. This includes submitting detailed construction plans and specifications for review and approval before commencing construction.
打算在建筑项目中使用预制钢结构房屋的建筑商和房主必须获得当地建筑主管部门的必要许可和批准。这包括在开始施工前提交详细的施工计划和规范以供审查和批准。
9.Insurance and Liability/保险和责任
Builders and homeowners should ensure that their construction insurance policies cover the use of prefabricated steel framing houses and associated risks. This includes liability coverage for potential damages or defects that may arise during construction or occupancy.
建筑商和房主应确保其建筑保险政策涵盖预制钢结构房屋的使用和相关风险。这包括对施工或入住期间可能出现的潜在损坏或缺陷的责任保险。
By adhering to specific requirements and best practices, builders and manufacturers can ensure compliance with Canadian building codes and regulations for prefabricated steel framing houses. To ensure safety, quality, and compliance throughout the construction process, it is essential to work with qualified professionals and builders and consult with local building authorities.
通过遵守这些要求和最佳实践，建筑商和制造商可以确保预制钢结构房屋符合必要的安全、质量标准，并符合加拿大建筑规范和法规。因此，制造商必须与合格的专业人员及建筑商合作并咨询当地建筑当局，以确保整个施工过程符合法规。
Due to the decline in the domestic real estate market, China's construction industry has become increasingly difficult. Meanwhile, the United States and Canada are experiencing a shortage of supply in their real estate and related industries. We believe that Chinese companies with expertise in prefabricated steel structures can expand their overseas markets, particularly in North America, by obtaining prefabricated steel structure housing manufacturer certification in Canada. In Part Two, we will provide a more detailed overview of Canada's main safety code standards for prefabricated steel structures.
随着国内房地产市场的下行，中国的建筑行业正经历严峻的困难。相反，美国和加拿大市场，房地产及相关行业正面临供应短缺的挑战。我们认为，对于在预制钢结构领域有丰富经验积累的中国企业而言，在加拿大获得预制钢结构房屋生产商认证将有助于中国企业拓展海外市场尤其是北美市场。我们将在第二部分对加拿大有关预制钢结构的主要安全规范标准做更详细的介绍。