征信业规范逐步实施（Bilingual Version）

中国人民银行（以下简称“央行”）发布的《征信业管理条例》（以下简称“《条例》”）和《征信机构管理办法》（以下简称“《办法》”）于2013年3月15日和2013年12月20日相继施行。根据《条例》和《办法》的规定，“征信机构，是指依法设立，主要经营征信业务的机构”[1]。而征信业务，“是指对企业、事业单位等组织（以下统称企业）的信用信息和个人的信用信息进行采集、整理、保存、加工，并向信息使用者提供的活动。”[2] 上述《条例》和《办法》的先后出台、施行，标志着政府对于征信机构市场的重视及加强该市场管理的考虑。
The Administrative Regulations on the Credit Reporting Industry (the “Administrative Regulations”) and the Measures for the Administration of Credit Reporting Agencies (the “Measures”) that were issued by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) became effective respectively on March 15, 2013 and December 20, 2013. Under the above regulations, “credit reporting agencies refer to the duly established agencies whose primary business is credit reporting business” [1]. Credit reporting business is further defined as the “activities of collecting, organizing, storing out and processing information related to the credit standing of individuals and the credit standing of enterprises, public institutions and other organizations and of providing such information for information users” [2]. The promulgation and implementation of these regulations signals that the government is paying close attention to the credit reporting market, and also marks the government’s intention to strengthen its administration in this area.
今年进入了上述规定的实施期。根据新闻报道，截止今年10月份，包括北京和上海在内总计有29家公司分两批完成企业征信机构备案，其中北京21家，上海8家 [3]。目前，个人征信机构的牌照正在核查过程，尚未有第三方征信机构获得个人征信机构牌照 [4]。
This year these regulations are started to be implemented. According to news report [3], by the end of this October, 29 companies completed the enterprise credit reporting agency filing (including 21 in Beijing and 8 in Shanghai) with PBOC in two batches, however, PBOC is still reviewing and examining the application for individual credit reporting license, and no such license has been granted so far [4].
从央行发布的《中国征信业发展报告2003-2013 [5] 来看，截至2012年底，我国有各类征信机构150多家，其中政府背景的信用信息服务机构20家左右；社会征信机构50家，但规模较小；信用评级机构有70多家，其中8家规模较大。这些市场现存的机构将纳入《条例》和《办法》有关牌照/登记的规范化管理，也将受限于上述规定下的一系列业务规则。而随着管理的规范，也将有更多新的主体进入该市场。
Pursuant to the “Chinese Credit Industry Development Report 2003-2013” [5] issued by PBOC, by the end of 2012, there were more than 150 credit reporting agencies in China, including about 20 credit reporting information service agencies with government background and 50 social credit reporting agencies, but most of which were of small scale; among which, there were also more than 70 credit rating agencies, 8 of them were of relatively large scale. These existing agencies are now falling within the scope of the standardized administration under the Administrative Regulations and Measures, and need to follow various rules set out under these regulations in their business operations. In the meantime, with regulation by the government, there will likely to be more players entering into this market.
《条例》对征信机构的设立条件和程序、征信业务的基本规则、征信信息主体的权益，金融信用信息基础数据库的法律地位及运营规则、征信业的监管体制和法律责任等内容进行了规定。《办法》进一步细化了《条例》所涉及的征信机构管理的条款，规范征信机构的设立、变更和终止程序。同时，《条例》对于征信业务所涉的信息收集的前提、可收集的信息种类、信息的用途等均做了相关规定，并提出信息的整理、保存和加工应当在境内进行。
The Administrative Regulations include various stipulations such as conditions and procedures for the establishment of a credit reporting agency, basic rules of credit reporting business, legitimate rights and interests of an information subject, the legal status and operating rules of basic database for financial credit information, regulatory system and legal liabilities of credit reporting business. The Measures further refine the provisions with regard to the management of credit reporting agencies under the Administrative Regulations, and stipulate the establishment, change and termination procedures of credit reporting agencies. The Administrative Regulations further stipulate the conditions for information collecting, the types of information permitted to be collected, and the permitted usage of information, including requirement for a credit reporting agency to organize, store and process the information collected within the territory of China.
《条例》和《办法》对于经营企业征信业务的征信机构和经营个人征信业务的征信机构提出了不同的要求，对于后者的要求更为严格，重点加强对个人征信机构的管理，体现出对信息主体权益和个人隐私的保护。对个人征信机构实行许可制，对企业征信机构实行备案制，并健全了市场准入和退出的管理机制。
The Administrative Regulations and the Measures set up different requirements for the credit reporting agency engaging in the enterprise credit reporting service and those in individual credit reporting service, and introduce record-filing and licensing system respectively for such two types of agencies. In general, individual credit service is more strictly regulated with an emphasis on the protection of the rights and interests of information subjects and personal privacy.
当然，《条例》和《办法》对于征信机构具体运营之中的相关规定，特别是关于信息收集、使用的限制和要求，还有待具体执行和实施过程之中进一步细化和明确。
Nevertheless, the Administrative Regulations and the Measures are still to be further refined and interpreted when being implemented in practice, especially provision on the restrictions and requirements of information collecting and the using of information.
例如，《条例》第十三条规定，“企业的董事、监事、高级管理人员与其履行职务相关的信息，不作为个人信息”，但并没有进一步解释何为“与其履行职务相关的信息”。又比如《条例》第二十四条规定，“征信机构在中国境内采集的信息的整理、保存和加工，应当在中国境内进行。征信机构向境外组织或者个人提供信息，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国务院征信业监督管理部门的有关规定。”目前尚无“有关规定”，对于征信机构采集的信息、汇总成的信用报告等是否能够向境外转移，在何种条件下可以向境外转移等均无明确规定，仍有待补充和完善。
For example, Article 13 of the Administrative Regulations stipulates that “information related to the performance of duties by the directors, supervisors and senior management personnel of enterprises does not belong to personal information.”, while there is no further specific definition of “information related to the performance of duties ”. Another example is Article 24 of the Administrative Regulations which stipulate that “a credit reporting agency shall, within the territory of China, organize, store and process the information collected within the territory of China. A credit reporting agency shall provide information for an overseas organization or individual in compliance with laws, administrative regulations and relevant provisions of the Credit Reporting Industry Regulatory Department under the State Council.” So far there seem to be no such “relevant provisions”, and whether and on what conditions the information collected by credit reporting agencies and the organized credit reports can be transferred abroad are not clearly defined, which still need to be supplemented and clarified in practice.
[1]《征信机构管理办法》第二条，《征信业管理条例》第五条。
Article 2 of the Administrative Regulations and Article 5 of the Measures.
[2]《征信业管理条例》第二条。
Article 2 of the Administrative Regulations.
[3]
http://shanghai.pbc.gov.cn/publish/fzhshanghai/2975/2014/20140820154227288801524/20140820154227288801524.html
http://shanghai.pbc.gov.cn/publish/fzhshanghai/2975/2014/20141030165911567952472/20141030165911567952472.html
http://beijing.pbc.gov.cn/publish/beijing/2654/2014/20140707160404959224549/20140707160404959224549.html
http://beijing.pbc.gov.cn/publish/beijing/2654/2014/20140530142014656318860/20140530142014656318860.html
[4] http://money.163.com/special/view527/
[5] http://www.pbc.gov.cn/publish/goutongjiaoliu/524/2013/20131212090321659331622/20131212090321659331622_.html