03、Legal due diligence for general enterprises in China
Mining enterprises themselves are a combination of general enterprises and special national resource approval enterprises, and it is an important part of "prudent investigation" of mining companies as corporate entities to understand the target company's assets and liabilities, legal relationships, and potential opportunities and risks (Li, Berlin et al., 2003). The complexity and hidden nature of mining rights transactions, resulting in mining rights transactions legal due diligence is a high-risk and highly specialized legal behavior, prudent and comprehensive legal due diligence involves financial, tax, commercial and other due diligence cross-validation with each other, which can maximize the assurance that the due diligence information is true and accurate, and reduce the transaction costs brought about by asymmetric information between the parties to the sale and purchase transactions (Huining. 2018). Therefore, the content and methods of legal due diligence in the traditional non-litigation field can be directly borrowed, mainly to do a comprehensive investigation of the legal compliance of the mining enterprises as a corporate legal entity in the business process.
Specifically, the content of due diligence for general enterprises will vary according to the nature of the enterprise and the industry in which it operates, but it tends to consist of the following parts, i.e., the subject qualification and basic information of the target company, business status and major meeting resolutions, major debts and liabilities during operation, major contracts during operation, financial information and asset evaluation, major movable assets and intellectual property rights, land and real estate, taxes and financial subsidies, the property insurance and social insurance, employee labor relations, litigation and arbitration that have occurred, are in progress or are about to occur in the target company. Due to the limited space of this paper and the large number of academic works on general corporate due diligence, we will not repeat the details.
矿业企业本身是一般性企业和特殊性国家资源审批性企业的结合，将矿企公司作为公司法人的“审慎调查”，了解目标公司的资产和负债，法律关系以及潜在的机遇和风险，是其重要的组成部分（李柏林等，2003）。矿业权交易的复杂性和隐蔽性，造成矿业权交易法律尽职调查是一项高风险且高度专业性法律行为之一，审慎全面法律尽职调查涉及的财务、税务、商业等尽职调查彼此之间相互交叉验证，可以最大程度上保证尽调信息的真实准确，降低买卖交易双方因信息的不对称性带来的交易成本（惠宁，2018）。因此，传统非诉领域的法律尽职调查内容和方法可以直接借鉴，主要是对矿企作为企业法人的经营过程中的合法合规做全面的调查。
具体而言，一般性企业的尽职调查的内容会根据企业性质和所处行业而产生差异性，但往往由以下部分构成，即目标公司主体资格和基本情况，经营状况和重大会议决议，运营期间重大债权债务，运营期间重大合同，财务资料和资产评估，主要动产和知识产权，土地不动产，税收和财政补贴，财产保险和社会保险，员工劳动关系，目标公司的已经发生、正在进行或即将发生的诉讼、仲裁等。由于本文篇幅有限，且学术界对一般性企业尽职调查的著作较多，因此不再过多赘述。
04、Conclusion
The legal due diligence of mineral rights transactions is not only an effective way of transaction risk prevention, but also a reasonable means of urging the seller to comply with the disclosure of information due diligence in good faith, whether it is necessary for any party to the transaction, which is self-evident in the importance of timely discovery of the transaction risk and prevention, and to help the parties to make rational investment decisions (Zhu Qingbiao, 2016). With the further advancement of mineral resources integration within China, mining rights transactions are bound to usher in a period of booming development. However, due to its highly specialized and risky nature, it is inevitable that the team engaged in due diligence investigation is required to have a comprehensive business background, including but not limited to legal practitioners (professional lawyers), financial practitioners, tax practitioners, business managers, and other comprehensive cross-business background, to ensure that the legal due diligence services for mining rights transactions are more professional, comprehensive, accurate and truthful.
矿业权交易的法律尽职调查不仅是一种交易风险防范的有效途径，也是督促卖方诚信遵守信息尽责披露的合理手段，无论是交易的任何一方都是必要的，这对于及时发现交易风险并防范，帮助当事人作出理性的投资决策的重要性是不言自明的（朱庆标，2016）。随着我国境内矿产资源整合的进一步推进，矿业权交易必然迎来蓬勃发展时期。但因其高度专业性和风险性，必然要求从事尽职调查的团队具备综合性业务背景，包括但不限于法律从业人员（专业律师）、财务从业人员、税务从业人员、企业管理人员等综合交叉的业务背景，保障矿业权交易的法律尽职调查服务更加的专业、全面、准确、真实。
The Mining Rights Transaction Center of Jiangsu Sundy Law Firm gathers core team members specializing in legal services, geology and minerals, finance and taxation, business management, safety and production, overseas mergers and acquisitions, etc., and adopts the four modules of judging the value of mineral reserves, analyzing the technical conditions of mining, researching the investment and financial information, and evaluating the legal and business environment, etc., to form the integration of due diligence as its own competitive advantage, and is committed to providing services for domestic and overseas mining rights transactions. We have been committed to providing escort services for domestic and overseas mining rights transactions for a long time.
江苏圣典律师事务所矿业权交易中心汇聚法律服务、地质矿产、财务税收、商业管理、安全生产、海外并购等专业核心团队成员，采取将矿产储量价值判断、开采技术条件分析、投资与财务资料研究、法律与商务环境评价等四大模块统筹结合，形成一体化尽职调查作为自身竞争优势，长期致力于为境内外矿业权交易服务保驾护航。
References:
1. Zhang Jiyong,Li Xie,Guo Jia. Go farther to do better[N]. China Mining News,2023-02-08(001).DOI:10.28106/n.cnki.nckyb.2023.000128.
2. li berlin,peng shaoxian,li yinglong. Comparison between the law of mining right and the ownership of mineral resources [J]. China Mining Industry,2003(5):21-23.
3. Huining. Analysis of Legal Issues Involved in Overseas Mining Investment [J]. China Land Resources Economy,2018,31(08):26-29.DOI:10.19676/j.cnki.1672-6995.000081.
4. Shang Kunguang,Fan Xiaoqiang. Legal Due Diligence in Mining Mergers and Acquisitions[C]//Professional Committee on Environmental and Resource Law of All China Lawyers Association. Proceedings of the Conference on Transformation of Economic Development Mode and Practice of Environment, Resources and Energy Law. ;,2010:6.
5. Zhu Qingbiao, M&A Legal Due Diligence Guidelines 1.0 [M]. Law Press,2016.
6. Du Xuemei. Due diligence investigation of target company by lawyers in company merger and acquisition business[J]. Heilongjiang foreign trade and economic cooperation,2 004(01):50-52.
7. All China Lawyers Association, Operational Guidelines on Due Diligence Investigation for Lawyers Engaged in Securities Law Business (compiled in October 2015)
8. Li Man, Research on Risk Management of H Mining M&A L Mining Project [D]. Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,2022.DOI:10.27393/d.cnki.gxazu.2022.001481.
9. yang yongfeng,qin jukai. Thinking and practice of due diligence work on mining investment resources[J]. World Nonferrous Metals,2018,(24):143+145.
10. (Li Berlin et al., 2003) (Hui Ning, 2018) (Shang Kunguang et al., 2010) (Zhu Qingbiao, 2016) (Li Man, 2022) (Yang Yongfeng et al., 2018)
11. Tian Luping, Dai Min. Mergers and acquisitions and reorganization practice:legal due diligence[J]. Chief Financial Officer,2017(10):58-63.
参考文献：
1. 张继勇,李惜,郭嘉.走得更远，方能做得更好[N].中国矿业报,2023-02-08(001).DOI:10.28106/n.cnki.nckyb.2023.000128.
2. 李柏林,彭绍贤,李英龙.矿业权法律与矿产资源所有权比较 [J].中国矿业,2003(5)：21-23.
3. 惠宁.境外矿业投资中涉及的法律问题分析[J].中国国土资源经济,2018,31(08):26-29.DOI:10.19676/j.cnki.1672-6995.000081.
4. 尚坤广,范小强.矿业并购中的法律尽职调查[C]//中华全国律师协会环境与资源法专业委员会.经济发展方式转变与环境、资源与能源法律实践会议论文集.;,2010:6.
5. 朱庆标：《并购法律尽职调查指引1.0》[M].法律出版社,2016.
6. 杜雪梅.律师在公司并购业务中对目标公司的尽职调查[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2 004(01):50-52.
7. 中华全国律师协会，《律师从事证券法律业务尽职调查操作指引》(2015 年 10 月汇编)
8. 李曼.H矿业并购L矿业项目风险管理研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2022.DOI:10.27393/d.cnki.gxazu.2022.001481.
9. 杨永峰,秦术凯.矿业投资资源尽职调查工作的思考与实践[J].世界有色金属,2018,(24):143+145.
10. 田路平,代敏.并购重组实务:法律尽职调查[J].首席财务官,2017(10):58-63.
境内一般性企业法律尽职调查
Mining enterprises themselves are a combination of general enterprises and special national resource approval enterprises, and it is an important part of "prudent investigation" of mining companies as corporate entities to understand the target company's assets and liabilities, legal relationships, and potential opportunities and risks (Li, Berlin et al., 2003). The complexity and hidden nature of mining rights transactions, resulting in mining rights transactions legal due diligence is a high-risk and highly specialized legal behavior, prudent and comprehensive legal due diligence involves financial, tax, commercial and other due diligence cross-validation with each other, which can maximize the assurance that the due diligence information is true and accurate, and reduce the transaction costs brought about by asymmetric information between the parties to the sale and purchase transactions (Huining. 2018). Therefore, the content and methods of legal due diligence in the traditional non-litigation field can be directly borrowed, mainly to do a comprehensive investigation of the legal compliance of the mining enterprises as a corporate legal entity in the business process.
Specifically, the content of due diligence for general enterprises will vary according to the nature of the enterprise and the industry in which it operates, but it tends to consist of the following parts, i.e., the subject qualification and basic information of the target company, business status and major meeting resolutions, major debts and liabilities during operation, major contracts during operation, financial information and asset evaluation, major movable assets and intellectual property rights, land and real estate, taxes and financial subsidies, the property insurance and social insurance, employee labor relations, litigation and arbitration that have occurred, are in progress or are about to occur in the target company. Due to the limited space of this paper and the large number of academic works on general corporate due diligence, we will not repeat the details.
矿业企业本身是一般性企业和特殊性国家资源审批性企业的结合，将矿企公司作为公司法人的“审慎调查”，了解目标公司的资产和负债，法律关系以及潜在的机遇和风险，是其重要的组成部分（李柏林等，2003）。矿业权交易的复杂性和隐蔽性，造成矿业权交易法律尽职调查是一项高风险且高度专业性法律行为之一，审慎全面法律尽职调查涉及的财务、税务、商业等尽职调查彼此之间相互交叉验证，可以最大程度上保证尽调信息的真实准确，降低买卖交易双方因信息的不对称性带来的交易成本（惠宁，2018）。因此，传统非诉领域的法律尽职调查内容和方法可以直接借鉴，主要是对矿企作为企业法人的经营过程中的合法合规做全面的调查。
具体而言，一般性企业的尽职调查的内容会根据企业性质和所处行业而产生差异性，但往往由以下部分构成，即目标公司主体资格和基本情况，经营状况和重大会议决议，运营期间重大债权债务，运营期间重大合同，财务资料和资产评估，主要动产和知识产权，土地不动产，税收和财政补贴，财产保险和社会保险，员工劳动关系，目标公司的已经发生、正在进行或即将发生的诉讼、仲裁等。由于本文篇幅有限，且学术界对一般性企业尽职调查的著作较多，因此不再过多赘述。
04、Conclusion
结论
The legal due diligence of mineral rights transactions is not only an effective way of transaction risk prevention, but also a reasonable means of urging the seller to comply with the disclosure of information due diligence in good faith, whether it is necessary for any party to the transaction, which is self-evident in the importance of timely discovery of the transaction risk and prevention, and to help the parties to make rational investment decisions (Zhu Qingbiao, 2016). With the further advancement of mineral resources integration within China, mining rights transactions are bound to usher in a period of booming development. However, due to its highly specialized and risky nature, it is inevitable that the team engaged in due diligence investigation is required to have a comprehensive business background, including but not limited to legal practitioners (professional lawyers), financial practitioners, tax practitioners, business managers, and other comprehensive cross-business background, to ensure that the legal due diligence services for mining rights transactions are more professional, comprehensive, accurate and truthful.
矿业权交易的法律尽职调查不仅是一种交易风险防范的有效途径，也是督促卖方诚信遵守信息尽责披露的合理手段，无论是交易的任何一方都是必要的，这对于及时发现交易风险并防范，帮助当事人作出理性的投资决策的重要性是不言自明的（朱庆标，2016）。随着我国境内矿产资源整合的进一步推进，矿业权交易必然迎来蓬勃发展时期。但因其高度专业性和风险性，必然要求从事尽职调查的团队具备综合性业务背景，包括但不限于法律从业人员（专业律师）、财务从业人员、税务从业人员、企业管理人员等综合交叉的业务背景，保障矿业权交易的法律尽职调查服务更加的专业、全面、准确、真实。
The Mining Rights Transaction Center of Jiangsu Sundy Law Firm gathers core team members specializing in legal services, geology and minerals, finance and taxation, business management, safety and production, overseas mergers and acquisitions, etc., and adopts the four modules of judging the value of mineral reserves, analyzing the technical conditions of mining, researching the investment and financial information, and evaluating the legal and business environment, etc., to form the integration of due diligence as its own competitive advantage, and is committed to providing services for domestic and overseas mining rights transactions. We have been committed to providing escort services for domestic and overseas mining rights transactions for a long time.
江苏圣典律师事务所矿业权交易中心汇聚法律服务、地质矿产、财务税收、商业管理、安全生产、海外并购等专业核心团队成员，采取将矿产储量价值判断、开采技术条件分析、投资与财务资料研究、法律与商务环境评价等四大模块统筹结合，形成一体化尽职调查作为自身竞争优势，长期致力于为境内外矿业权交易服务保驾护航。
References:
1. Zhang Jiyong,Li Xie,Guo Jia. Go farther to do better[N]. China Mining News,2023-02-08(001).DOI:10.28106/n.cnki.nckyb.2023.000128.
2. li berlin,peng shaoxian,li yinglong. Comparison between the law of mining right and the ownership of mineral resources [J]. China Mining Industry,2003(5):21-23.
3. Huining. Analysis of Legal Issues Involved in Overseas Mining Investment [J]. China Land Resources Economy,2018,31(08):26-29.DOI:10.19676/j.cnki.1672-6995.000081.
4. Shang Kunguang,Fan Xiaoqiang. Legal Due Diligence in Mining Mergers and Acquisitions[C]//Professional Committee on Environmental and Resource Law of All China Lawyers Association. Proceedings of the Conference on Transformation of Economic Development Mode and Practice of Environment, Resources and Energy Law. ;,2010:6.
5. Zhu Qingbiao, M&A Legal Due Diligence Guidelines 1.0 [M]. Law Press,2016.
6. Du Xuemei. Due diligence investigation of target company by lawyers in company merger and acquisition business[J]. Heilongjiang foreign trade and economic cooperation,2 004(01):50-52.
7. All China Lawyers Association, Operational Guidelines on Due Diligence Investigation for Lawyers Engaged in Securities Law Business (compiled in October 2015)
8. Li Man, Research on Risk Management of H Mining M&A L Mining Project [D]. Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,2022.DOI:10.27393/d.cnki.gxazu.2022.001481.
9. yang yongfeng,qin jukai. Thinking and practice of due diligence work on mining investment resources[J]. World Nonferrous Metals,2018,(24):143+145.
10. (Li Berlin et al., 2003) (Hui Ning, 2018) (Shang Kunguang et al., 2010) (Zhu Qingbiao, 2016) (Li Man, 2022) (Yang Yongfeng et al., 2018)
11. Tian Luping, Dai Min. Mergers and acquisitions and reorganization practice:legal due diligence[J]. Chief Financial Officer,2017(10):58-63.
参考文献：
1. 张继勇,李惜,郭嘉.走得更远，方能做得更好[N].中国矿业报,2023-02-08(001).DOI:10.28106/n.cnki.nckyb.2023.000128.
2. 李柏林,彭绍贤,李英龙.矿业权法律与矿产资源所有权比较 [J].中国矿业,2003(5)：21-23.
3. 惠宁.境外矿业投资中涉及的法律问题分析[J].中国国土资源经济,2018,31(08):26-29.DOI:10.19676/j.cnki.1672-6995.000081.
4. 尚坤广,范小强.矿业并购中的法律尽职调查[C]//中华全国律师协会环境与资源法专业委员会.经济发展方式转变与环境、资源与能源法律实践会议论文集.;,2010:6.
5. 朱庆标：《并购法律尽职调查指引1.0》[M].法律出版社,2016.
6. 杜雪梅.律师在公司并购业务中对目标公司的尽职调查[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2 004(01):50-52.
7. 中华全国律师协会，《律师从事证券法律业务尽职调查操作指引》(2015 年 10 月汇编)
8. 李曼.H矿业并购L矿业项目风险管理研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2022.DOI:10.27393/d.cnki.gxazu.2022.001481.
9. 杨永峰,秦术凯.矿业投资资源尽职调查工作的思考与实践[J].世界有色金属,2018,(24):143+145.
10. 田路平,代敏.并购重组实务:法律尽职调查[J].首席财务官,2017(10):58-63.