人工智能换脸——令人担忧的隐私问题

你可能听说过人工智能换脸——被修改过的视频伪造出非常真实的人物镜头——及它们模糊现实的潜力。评论者们对这种现实的人工智能操纵的可能性都表示不安。
One may have heard of deepfakes – doctored videos fabricating apparently real footage of people – and their potential to disrupt reality. Commenters have expressed disquiet at the potential of such realistic AI manipulation.
人工智能换脸是一种基于人工智能的人类图像合成技术。它使用一种称为生成对抗性网络的机器研究技术，将现有的图像和视频结合并叠加到源图像或视频上。“人工智能换脸”一词是在2017年诞生的。
Deepfake is a technique for human image synthesis-based on artificial intelligence. It is used to combine and superimpose existing images and videos onto source images or videos using a machine learning technique known as generative adversarial network. The phrase "deepfake" was coined in 2017.
根据美国的调查，在2016年美国大选期间，网络虚假信息被广泛使用，自此人们对人工智能换脸的担忧有所加剧。
Concerns over deepfakes have grown since the 2016 US election campaign, which saw wide use of online misinformation, according to US investigations.
在2019年8月30日发布的ZAO应用程序风靡一时，中国用户通过这个程序，利用人工智能换脸技术在知名电影的场景中进行表演。用户提供一系列自拍，有的眨眼，有的张开嘴巴，有的做面部表情，ZAO程序使用这些自拍将人的动画形象真实地转化成电影、电视节目或其他内容。
Released on 30th August, 2019, the ZAO app went viral as Chinese users seized on the chance to see themselves act out scenes from well-known movies using deepfake technology. Users provide a series of selfies in which they blink, move their mouths and make facial expressions, which the app uses to realistically morph the person’s animated likeness on to movies, TV shows or other content.
人们担忧这可能引起不适当的使用。ZAO程序的隐私协议表明其对所有用户生成内容拥有"免费、不可撤销、永久、可转让和可再许可"的权利，在相关人士抨击了该隐私协议后，ZAO程序被迫在周日发表声明，承诺修改该协议。根据新协议，在 ZAO程序 上生成的任何内容都需要用户事先同意才能用于其他目的。
This prompted with concerns on over potential misuse. The ZAO was forced to issue a statement on Sunday pledging changes after critics attacked the app’s privacy policy, which it had “free, irrevocable, permanent, transferable, and relicenseable” rights to all user-generated content. Under the new agreement, any content created on ZAO will require the user’s prior consent to be used for other purposes.
相关人士表示，他们的担忧主要围绕存在疑问的隐私协议。该被揭示的协议条款赋予应用程序研发人员极大的权利，他们可以免费使用在应用程序上创建的任何图像，且不为用户提供选择退出协议的方式。
One main concern voiced by critics surrounded its questionable privacy policy. One policy clause was revealed to give the app’s developers the global rights to use any imagery created on the app for free, without giving users a way to opt-out of the agreement.