如何在印度尼西亚注册外商投资有限责任公司

引言
Introduction
在印度尼西亚成立一家外国投资公司，或 PT PMA（Perseoran Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing，或外国投资有限责任公司），可以打开东南亚最大投资市场之一的大门。印尼政府促进国际投资；这与通常涉及法律专业人士的合规和注册阶段的业务活动密不可分。在本文中，我们将详细介绍在印尼注册成立 PT PMA 的具体法律流程。
Establishing a foreign investment company, or PT PMA (Perseoran Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing, or Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company), in Indonesia can open doors to one of Southeast Asia's largest investment markets. The Indonesian government promotes international investment; this goes hand-in-hand with the compliance and registration stage to operational activity that often involves legal professionals. In this newsletter, we will elaborate on the overview of the step-by-step legal guide to incorporating a PT PMA in Indonesia.
1、PT PMA 在印度尼西亚的法律框架
Legal Framework for PT PMA in Indonesia
在印度尼西亚，有限责任公司（LLC）在技术上分为两大类：
Technically, in Indonesia, Limited Liability Company (LLC) are classified into two main categories:
a.国内有限责任公司
Domestic LLC
b.外商投资有限责任公司（PT PMA），包括外商直接投资计划下的外国股东
Foreign-Investment LLC (PT PMA), which includes foreign shareholders under the foreign direct investment scheme
在此，我们将重点讨论外商投资公司的设立问题。
Here, we will focus on the establishment of foreign investment companies.
2、成立 PT PMA 的主要要求
Key Requirements for Establishing a PT PMA
a.根据 2021 年第10 号《印度尼西亚共和国总统条例》第7（1）条“投资商业领域”，以及 2021 年第4 号《印度尼西亚投资协调委员会条例》第12 条第1 款和第2 款 “基于风险的商业许可和投资设施的指导原则和程序”，以及 2021 年第5 号《印度尼西亚共和国政府条例》第189（2）条“基于风险的商业许可”，PT PMA 的最低资本要求必须达到 100 亿印尼盾（约合 70 万美元）。印尼商业领域标准分类》（Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia - KBLI），不包括土地和建筑价值。
Minimum Capital Requirements under Article 7(1) of Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2021 on Business Fields for Investment in conjunction with Article 12 Paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Regulation of the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board Number 4 of 2021 on Guidelines and Procedures for Risk-Based Business Licensing and Investment Facilities in conjunction with Article 189 (2) of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2021 on Risk-Based Business Licensing, a PT PMA must have a minimum investment of IDR 10 billion (approx. USD 700,000) per five Standard Classification of Indonesian Business Fields (Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia - KBLI), excluding land and building values.
该法规确保 PT PMA 专注于大型企业，因为中小型企业 (SME) 通常仅限于外国投资者投资。然而，根据《印度尼西亚共和国总统条例》（2021 年第10 号）第8(2)条的规定，这些要求不适用于位于经济特区（SEZ）内、专注于技术型初创企业的 PT PMA。在这些特区内，允许技术型初创企业的 PT PMA 投资金额等于或少于 100 亿印尼盾，其中不包括土地和建筑物的价值。
Establishing a foreign investment company, or PT PMA (Perseoran Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing, or Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company), in Indonesia can open doors to one of Southeast Asia's largest investment markets. The Indonesian government promotes international investment; this goes hand-in-hand with the compliance and registration stage to operational activity that often involves legal professionals. In this newsletter, we will elaborate on the overview of the step-by-step legal guide to incorporating a PT PMA in Indonesia.
b.印度尼西亚 2007 年第25 号《投资法》第1(6)条规定，印度尼西亚的公司所有人可以是外国公民个人或外国法律实体。国内股东也可参与，从而允许外国投资者与国内投资者合资，但外方通常必须持有大量股份。最近的监管改革使外国投资者有可能在某些特定行业拥有 100%的公司股份。此外，印尼政府还为重点行业的外国投资者提供各种激励措施，包括税收优惠、简化许可流程和进入经济特区，鼓励更多的国际投资，促进经济增长。
Company owners in Indonesia can be either individual foreign nationals or foreign legal entities, as stipulated in Article 1(6) of Indonesian Law Number 25 of 2007 on Investment. Domestic shareholders may also participate, allowing for joint ventures between foreign and domestic investors, although foreign parties are often required to hold a significant stake. Recent regulatory changes have made it possible for foreign investors to own 100% of company shares in certain sector-specific industries. Additionally, the Indonesian government offers various incentives to foreign investors in priority sectors, including tax benefits, streamlined licensing processes, and access to special economic zones, encouraging more international investment and fostering economic growth.
3、公司成立的法律程序
Legal Process for Incorporation
a.准备文件
Preparation of Documents
根据 2007 年印尼第40 号《有限责任公司法》（PT）的要求，公司注册过程首先要准备基本文件。这些文件包括:
The incorporation process begins with preparing essential documents, as required by Indonesian Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies (PT). These documents include:
*公司创始人的声明
Statement from the company’s founders
*注资证明
Proof of capital injection
*公司章程
Articles of association
*股东身份证明文件（包括外国股东的外国国籍证明）
Identification documents for shareholders (including proof of foreign nationality for foreign shareholders)
在印尼，公司注册一般由法律专业人士（即律师和公证人）负责。
Generally, in Indonesia, company registration is handled by legal professionals, i.e., lawyers and notary public.
b.法定名称和公司章程注册
Preparation of Documents
所有 PT PMA 必须在法律和人权部注册公司名称和公司章程。根据印尼法律和人权部长 2021 年第21 号条例第5 条和第6 条的规定，必须通过 DITJEN AHU ONLINE(Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum Online 或 Directorate General of General Legal Administration Online)网站 (www.ahu.go.id) 以电子方式完成这一过程。这一过程将由印度尼西亚的公证人完成。完成后，公司将获得法律实体地位证书。
All PT PMAs must register their company name and articles of association with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. According to Articles 5 and 6 of the Regulation of the Indonesian Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 21 of 2021, this process must be done electronically via the DITJEN AHU ONLINE (Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum Online or Directorate General of General Legal Administration Online) website (www.ahu.go.id). This process will be done by a notary public in Indonesia. Once completed, the company receives a Certificate of Legal Entity Status.
在印度尼西亚为 PT 选择和注册公司名称时，必须遵守一些具体规定。印度尼西亚共和国政府 2011 年第43 号法规《有限责任公司名称提交和使用程序》规定，公司名称必须独特、鲜明、恰当、合法，并且必须使用拉丁字符书写，不能仅由不构成单词的字母数字组成。一旦获得法律和人权部长的批准，公司名称将正式注册，并必须写入公司章程。
When choosing and registering a name for a PT in Indonesia, there are specific regulations that must be followed. As outlined in Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 43 of 2011 on Procedures for Submission and Use of Limited Liability Company Names, the company name must be unique and distinctive, appropriate and lawful, and the name must be written in Latin characters and cannot consist solely of numbers of letters that do not form words. Once approved by the Minister of Law and Human Rights, the name will be officially registered and must be included in the company’s articles of association.
c.基于风险的许可证制度
Risk-Based Licensing System
根据印度尼西亚共和国 2021 年第5 号政府法规《基于风险的商业许可》第5(1)条的规定，PT PMA 必须通过 OSS-RBA（在线单一提交-基于风险的方法）系统 (www.oss.go.id) 根据其活动的风险等级申请商业许可。该法规确保从事高风险活动的公司必须满足更严格的许可要求。例如：
Under Article 5(1) of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2021 on Risk-Based Business Licensing, PT PMAs must apply for business licences based on the risk level of their activities through the OSS-RBA (Online Single Submission—Risk-Based Approach) system (www.oss.go.id). This regulation ensures that companies involved in high-risk activities must meet stricter licensing requirements. For example:
低风险活动只需商业注册号（Nomor Induk Berusaha 或 NIB）。
Low-risk activities only require a Business Registration Number (Nomor Induk Berusaha or NIB).
中度风险活动需要国家信息局和标准认证。
Medium-risk activities require both an NIB and a standard certification.
高风险活动需要 NIB、标准认证和运营许可证。
High-risk activities require an NIB, standard certification, and operating licences.
4、积极投资清单
The Positive Investment List
并非所有商业领域都对外国投资开放。《积极投资清单》是印度尼西亚共和国 2021 年第49 号总统条例《印度尼西亚共和国2021年第10号总统条例关于投资商业领域的修正案》的一部分，其中规定了对外资开放和不开放的行业。印尼政府鼓励投资的行业包括：上游基础金属行业（钢铁或非钢铁）、辐照、电子医疗或电疗设备制造业、各种化工行业，以及上述法律附录 1 规定的其他行业。
Not all business sectors are open to foreign investment. The Positive Investment List, which is part of Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 49 of 2021 on Amendments to Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2021 on Business Fields for Investment, defines sectors that are both opened and closed for limited foreign ownership. Investments that are encouraged by the Indonesian government with a lot of given incentives, such as: upstream basic metal industry (iron steel or non-iron steel), manufacturing industry of irradiation, electromedical, or electrotherapy equipment, various chemical industries, and many more that are provided by Appendix 1 of the said law.
结论
Conclusion
在印尼成立 PT PMA 公司为外国投资者提供了进入印尼不断增长的经济的通道。然而，关键是要仔细研究法律环境，确保符合印尼 2007 年第25 号《投资法》、印尼 2007 年第40 号《有限责任公司法》、印尼 2023 年第6 号《创造就业机会法》以及其他相关法规。
Incorporating a PT PMA in Indonesia offers foreign investors a gateway to Indonesia's growing economy. However, it is critical to look into the legal landscape carefully, ensuring compliance with Indonesian Law Number 25 of 2007 on Investment, Indonesian Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies, Indonesian Law Number 6 of 2023 on Job Creation, and other relevant regulations.
在采取任何措施之前，强烈建议寻求熟悉印尼公司法和外国投资法规的律师，以确保您的 PT PMA 顺利成立，并在印尼合规运作。
Before taking any steps, it is strongly recommended to seek legal counsel familiar with Indonesian corporate law and foreign investment regulations to ensure that your PT PMA is established smoothly and operates within the bounds of Indonesian law.
参考资料：
References:
● 印度尼西亚 2023 年第6 号法律，关于将印度尼西亚共和国政府条例代替关于创造就业的 2022 年第2 号法律规定为法律
● 印度尼西亚 2007 年第25 号《投资法》
● 印度尼西亚 2007 年第40 号《有限责任公司法》(PT)
● 印度尼西亚共和国关于基于风险的商业的 2021 年第5 号政府法规关于基于风险的商业许可的印度尼西亚共和国 2021 年第5 号政府条例，后经关于计量捕鱼的印度尼西亚共和国 2023 年第11 号政府条例修订
● 印度尼西亚共和国 2011 年第43 号政府法规《有限责任公司名称提交和使用程序》
● 印度尼西亚共和国关于投资商业领域的 2021 年第10 号总统条例
● 印度尼西亚共和国关于投资商业领域的 2021 年第10 号总统条例修正案的 2021 年第49 号总统条例
● 印度尼西亚法律和人权部长 2021 年第21 号条例
● 印度尼西亚投资协调委员会 2021 年第4 号《基于风险的商业许可和投资便利准则与 程序条例